Ⅱ. Utilitarianism
Ⅲ. Definition of Good and Evil
Ⅳ. The Definition and Criterion of Justice
Ⅴ. Justice Criterion on Different Relations
of Benefits
Ⅵ. The Source of Human Rights
Ⅶ. The Principle of Equality
's voice, therefore consistent praise to altruism and consistent curse to mean actions originates in society. In this way the objective definition of good and evil is accepted.
The objective definition of good and evil: The good is the characteristic of a person's action or conscious- ness which is favorable to others. The evil is the characteristic of a person's action or consciousness which is harmful to others.
Good actions include helping others, being courtesy, in good faith, etc; virtue is the willing to increase benefits of others. It is said in the Matthew of the Bible, “Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them”. Confucius said in the Analects, “Do not impose upon others what you your- self do not desire.”17
The reason why people praise good and curse evil is that everyone hopes to be benefited and avoid to be harmed. So the egoism is the reason why good becomes the public criterion of morality. Each one knows that selfishness is the motive of evil, while few know that selfishness is the motive of good. The second reason, which Jacques P. Thiroux and Brian Medlin opposed egoism, is that egoism contradicts altruism18. But they are, in fact, unified. The fact that we now live in a society which worships virtue mainly owes to selfishness of people, instead of preaches of priests.
W. D. Hamilton, the British biologist, produced the concept of Kin Selection to explain that many altruistic actions of animals are, in fact, selfishness.19 It is similar for human being. No matter whether the motive of altruistic action is altruism or selfishness, the action is good. Good people may be respected by others, and therefore own larger competitive power to make them win. As a result, good becomes the aim and fashionable idea of public. Confucius said, “Desiring to take his stand, one who is ren help others to take their stand; wanting to realize himself, he helps others to realize themselves.”20 The egoism makes us want praise and fear curse and punishment, therefore manage to obtain other