THE ESSENCE OF FORMAL LOGIC: SIMPLE AND USEFUL RULES THAT ARE NOT OBJECTIVELY TRUE

Abstract: Logic is the rule of rational thinking. When thinking is expressed in language, logic becomes the rule of language. Logic is not the law of objective things, each discipline studies different laws, while logic is applicable to all disciplines because all disciplines use rational thought and language. Logical judgment is not necessarily the truth. In the subjective world, the simple atomic concepts can never change. In the objective world, concrete things are complicated, so A can be different from A. The rules of formal logic, such as the law of identity, the law of exclusion of middle and the law of non-contradiction, are the rules of the subjective world, and are the methods to deal with the logical structures in the subjective world, rather than the methods to deal with the real things in the objective world. The understanding of any objective thing requires a process from simple to complex. In the beginning stage of cognition, we must simplify and abstract complex objects, and use formal logic when simplifying and abstracting. For example, suppose that the Chaobai River this year is the same river as the Chaobai River in the past ten years, and then use the hydrological data of the past ten years to predict the situation of the river this year. This hypothesis is simple and useful but not objectively true. Making objective things obey the rules of formal logic is entirely artificial. Because only by following these rules can we derive useful conclusions. The purpose of simplification is to make the sentences do not contain contradictions, easy to thinking and calculation. The actual objective things contain contradictions and do not conform to formal logic. So dialectical logic negates the rules of formal logic.
Key words: Logic philosophy; Formal logic; Dialectical logic; Useful; Objectivity

The Essence of Knowledge is Simulation and Logical Construct

It is an important basis of ontology to explain clearly what the subjective world contains. Frege and other Western philosophers were seriously wrong about concepts and the foundations of mathematics. The simulation is to mimic something with a fake product. People's knowledge about the world is also a kind of simulation. The content of knowledge is fake product relative to the object. The difference between people's knowledge and the object that is simulated can be made on purpose. The altered knowledge doesn't necessarily have real object corresponding to it. These thought games can bring about more value of knowledge and benefit in practice. The civilization and culture of human being mainly come from the innovative thought games. The logical construct of sentences describing something is a simulation of the thing or thought game. A symbol is a substance used to create an association in mind. Logical constructs have three advantages compared with real things: simple, useful, and stable. The concept is the logical construct produced after abstraction of things. Different degrees of abstraction can produce different degrees of concept. Abstract concepts of most disciplines retain more attributes, so they are not easy to analyze and study. The concepts of numbers and points, lines, planes and bodies are the results that retain few attributes after abstraction, which are simpler than concepts of other disciplines and easier to analyze and study.
Key Words: Epistemology; Logical construct; Concept; Simulation; Maths; Geometry