's respect and increase our competitive power by altruistic actions.

Though people have good nature, it does not have enough power to defeat selfishness. It is only selfishness that is able to defeat selfishness, only struggle and balance among people have enough power to make our society worship virtue.

Ⅳ. The Definition and Criterion of Justice

The ethic characteristics of some actions are difficult to judge by definitions of good and evil. There are two kinds of them. One is what neither benefit nor harm others, all of this kind of actions are just. Just actions include good and other actions which meet benefit of oneself with no harm of others. Good is not necessary for each, but no evil is allowed. All of actions are just if only no harm of others.

The other one of the two is what both benefit and harm others. One thing or action may be good and evil at the same time. For example, evil should be punished though the punishment is to harm people. No one wants to be punished and would definitely resist, but the punishment is just when it is resisted by few people and be supported by the most. This is the premise and extent of punishment.

In countries of democracy and equality, the principles in The Declaration of Rights are accepted generally to be the criterion of justice. The first article of it is fundamental, “That there are certain natural rights, of which men, when they form a social compact, cannot deprive or divest their posterity, among which are the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.” Bentham criticized, “every order, for example, to pay money on the score of taxation, or of debt from individual to individual, or otherwise, is void; for the effect of it, complied with, is ‘to deprive and divest him', of the enjoyment of liberty.”²¹

Bentham's words are profound, the criterion of justice is not so simple. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which was signed in 2007, solves this problem by saying “