Abstract The original meaning of good is the characteristic of other people's actions or consciousness which is favorable to the subject. Public opinion can be engendered by everyone praising good and cursing evil, and objective meaning of good can then be formed: The good is the characteristic of a person's action or consciousness which is favorable to others. Various criterions in history all regarded actions which were resisted the least and supported the most as justice. All choice may be just when benefits of different people conflict and the total benefit is not possible to increase. The maximization of the total benefit is the criterion of justice, when benefits conflict and the total benefit may be increased on someone's sacrifice. The law, moral and all other rules are justice only when they are able to help people to raise benefit or decrease loss. Human do not have rights endowed by nature, let alone embryo of people, chimera and animals. Rights come from struggle. Equality and humanitarianism are results of struggle and compromise. The law of jungle still works in a large degree, after the foundation of the principle of equality.

Key words ethics, justice, human rights, utilitarianism, good and evil

Ⅰ. Start with the Right of Embryo and Chimera

Not only the right of adult and children of human but also that of embryo, chimera and animals is concerned by modern ethics. Do embryo of human and chimera as the medical instrument¹ have same rights as adults? What kind of rights should animals possess? These arguments come from the need of modern science. It has been found among these arguments that some common basis is necessary for all problems. For instance, where do the human rights come from? What is the criterion of justice? What is justice? What is good?

Ⅱ. Utilitarianism

Sigmund Freud believed that sexual desire determines social history,² while Karl H. Marx had faith on physiologic needs for food, clothes and so on which determine social history.³ All these theories are reasonable, and therefore have much influence, but all these theories are not complete. The complete theory of history can only be obtained when the needs of people are pointed out completely as Abraham H. Maslow did. Maslow described that people have five levels of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.⁴

It has been concluded in my book Philosophy of Life with Self-organization that self-reproduction is the suffi- cient and necessary condition of the origin of life, so the essence of life is breeding. And therefore the purpose of human life is concluded: the purpose of human life is to survive, breed and meet needs of themselves, which is the final source of all values and significance.⁵ According to John S. Mill, the principle of utility is, “Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.” “pleasure, and freedom from pain, are the only things desirable as ends.”