's voice, therefore consistent praise to altruism and consistent curse to mean actions originates in society. In this way the objective definition of good and evil is accepted.

The objective definition of good and evil: The good is the characteristic of a person's action or conscious- ness which is favorable to others. The evil is the characteristic of a person's action or consciousness which is harmful to others.

Good actions include helping others, being courtesy, in good faith, etc; virtue is the willing to increase benefits of others. It is said in the Matthew of the Bible, “Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them”. Confucius said in the Analects, “Do not impose upon others what you your- self do not desire.”¹⁷

The reason why people praise good and curse evil is that everyone hopes to be benefited and avoid to be harmed. So the egoism is the reason why good becomes the public criterion of morality. Each one knows that selfishness is the motive of evil, while few know that selfishness is the motive of good. The second reason, which Jacques P. Thiroux and Brian Medlin opposed egoism, is that egoism contradicts altruism¹⁸. But they are, in fact, unified. The fact that we now live in a society which worships virtue mainly owes to selfishness of people, instead of preaches of priests.

W. D. Hamilton, the British biologist, produced the concept of Kin Selection to explain that many altruistic actions of animals are, in fact, selfishness.¹⁹ It is similar for human being. No matter whether the motive of altruistic action is altruism or selfishness, the action is good. Good people may be respected by others, and therefore own larger competitive power to make them win. As a result, good becomes the aim and fashionable idea of public. Confucius said, “Desiring to take his stand, one who is ren help others to take their stand; wanting to realize himself, he helps others to realize themselves.”²⁰ The egoism makes us want praise and fear curse and punishment, therefore manage to obtain other's respect and increase our competitive power by altruistic actions.

Though people have good nature, it does not have enough power to defeat selfishness. It is only selfishness that is able to defeat selfishness, only struggle and balance among people have enough power to make our society worship virtue.

Ⅳ. The Definition and Criterion of Justice

The ethic characteristics of some actions are difficult to judge by definitions of good and evil. There are two kinds of them. One is what neither benefit nor harm others, all of this kind of actions are just. Just actions include good and other actions which meet benefit of oneself with no harm of others. Good is not necessary for each, but no evil is allowed. All of actions are just if only no harm of others.

The other one of the two is what both benefit and harm others. One thing or action may be good and evil at the same time. For example, evil should be punished though the punishment is to harm people. No one wants to be punished and would definitely resist, but the punishment is just when it is resisted by few people and be supported by the most. This is the premise and extent of punishment.