Ⅱ. Utilitarianism
Ⅲ. Definition of Good and Evil
Ⅳ. The Definition and Criterion of Justice
Ⅴ. Justice Criterion on Different Relations
of Benefits
Ⅵ. The Source of Human Rights
Ⅶ. The Principle of Equality
Both choices on benefit of the subject and others may be justice, when the total of benefit is not able to rise or avoid to fall. For example, there is only one champion and there is always someone to be victim.
Theorem: Both choices on benefit between the subject and others may be justice when benefits conflict and the total benefit is not able to rise or avoid to fall.
This conclusion accords the principle of utility and equality. On the other hand, when the total of benefit is able to rise or avoid to fall with one side sacrificed, the maximization of the total benefit is the justice.
Theorem: The maximization of benefit is justice when benefits conflict and the total benefit is able to rise or avoid to fall.
People are always counting the total of benefit though it is difficult. For example, Americans felt that the benefit of the Nation had been over-valuated after the Vietnam War, and were not willing to sacrifice individual for the benefit of the Nation any longer. After “9.11”, however, Americans realized the importance of the National benefit again and were willing to pay more tax for the national security. The different opinions of the valuation cause the quarrel in the Congress every year about the budget.
It is necessary to note that the maximization of benefit is different from the Majority Rule. For instance, it is to sacrifice benefit of majority that many people contribute money to save a life, but also maximization of the benefit, because the changes of benefits of different people are different.
The Greatest Happiness Principle of Mill and Bentham26 can be concluded from upper conclusion, when the change of each one's benefit is the same.
Theorem: Benefit of majority is the criterion of justice, when benefits conflict and each one's change of benefit is almost the same.
It is always possible for one side to sacrifice when benefit of different people conflict, no matter whether the total of benefit can rise. There are three ways to sacrifice: by force, will or deal. It is struggle to sacrifice one