Ⅱ. Disadvantages of Existent Definitions of Life
Ⅲ. Progress of System Theories
Ⅳ. Probability of Super Orderly Structure
of Living System
Ⅴ. Why Creature Has Super Complex Structure
Ⅵ. The Sufficient and Necessary Conditions of
Life Origin and the Definition of Life
Ⅶ. Artificial Life
This seems to be nonsense, but it is very important in fact. Darwin did not make the meaning of the word fittest clear because he did not find this theorem.
Ever existent kinds of non-living structure must be much more than that is now existent, including something much more complex. But complex non-living things are slow to generate and fast to break. So there is not any of them now. The more complex their structures are, the more difficultly they generate and the more easily they break. So there is no non-living thing which is as complex as living things are.
Why are living things so complicated then? Senior creatures have properties which make their structure steady like regeneration and immunization, while many other creatures have not. How do other creatures make their structure exist continuously with large quantity?
Friedrich Cramer studied life science together with system theory, he asked the same question in his book Chaos and Order. He believed that high degree of order in living systems is an extremely improbable state.
DNA consists of four kinds of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has different base pair. If four letters A, B, C and D are ranked, there are 24 sequences: ABCD, ABDC, ACBD ……. There are large quantity of nucleotides in human DNA, and there are colossal sequences, while only one of them is correct. If it is wrong, man will be ill or die.
Scientists have learned the DNA blueprint, in particular the amount of genetic information and molecular structure of bacterium Escherichia coli (E.coli). It is possible to calculate the number of ways these genetic plans might have been arranged in the blueprint and thus how many different ways the bacterial cell could have been constructed. The real molecule structure of bacterium E.coli is only one of these possibilities. For a E.coli, the probability of correct result by pure chance is one in 102400000. Even an intelligent machine could check these countless results at the rate of one per second, the time it costs would be far more than the universe age (10