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THE ESSENCE OF FORMAL LOGIC: SIMPLE AND USEFUL RULES THAT ARE NOT OBJECTIVELY TRUE
来源:WOP in Education, Social Sciences and Psycholopy, Volume:107 (March 30-31, 2024), pp.116-123. | 作者:Yong Duan | 发布时间: 2024-06-24 | 2252 次浏览 | 分享到:
Abstract: Logic is the rule of rational thinking. When thinking is expressed in language, logic becomes the rule of language. Logic is not the law of objective things, each discipline studies different laws, while logic is applicable to all disciplines because all disciplines use rational thought and language. Logical judgment is not necessarily the truth. In the subjective world, the simple atomic concepts can never change. In the objective world, concrete things are complicated, so A can be different from A. The rules of formal logic, such as the law of identity, the law of exclusion of middle and the law of non-contradiction, are the rules of the subjective world, and are the methods to deal with the logical structures in the subjective world, rather than the methods to deal with the real things in the objective world. The understanding of any objective thing requires a process from simple to complex. In the beginning stage of cognition, we must simplify and abstract complex objects, and use formal logic when simplifying and abstracting. For example, suppose that the Chaobai River this year is the same river as the Chaobai River in the past ten years, and then use the hydrological data of the past ten years to predict the situation of the river this year. This hypothesis is simple and useful but not objectively true. Making objective things obey the rules of formal logic is entirely artificial. Because only by following these rules can we derive useful conclusions. The purpose of simplification is to make the sentences do not contain contradictions, easy to thinking and calculation. The actual objective things contain contradictions and do not conform to formal logic. So dialectical logic negates the rules of formal logic.
Key words: Logic philosophy; Formal logic; Dialectical logic; Useful; Objectivity

Pavlov-trained dog thought of food when it heard a bell, it thought yesterday's bell was the same as today's bell, and it didn't know that the bell that sounds the same might come from a different person, or the same person for a different purpose. If the bell is set to A, the animal will think that A always equals A. If this kind of thinking can make it eat enough every day, then it thinks it is the truth.

Man came from animals, and man's thinking came from animals' thinking. The way of thinking of animals is conditioned reflex, and the basic type of human thinking (the instinctive form of thinking) is also conditioned reflex. Since formal logic could solve most problems in life, this kind of conditioned reflex was reinforced and became a fixed thinking of people. Later, people found that some things did not conform to formal logic, and this way of thinking had to be modified, so dialectical logic was born. Objective relations contain contradictions. But formal logic is useful, it can reason, it can draw useful conclusions, so formal logic seems objective.

There are contradictions between objective things, which do not conform to formal logic. Therefore, dialectical logic negates the rules of formal logic and makes the sentences contain contradictions in order to conform to the characteristics of objective things.

Definition: Formal logic is the rules of rational relations between sentences that do not contain contradictions. Dialectical logic is the rules of rational relations that contains contradictions between sentences.

The objective world is composed of Wu, Shi, Dao, Li and relations. Wu is material, Shi is event, the movement and change of substances and relations. Li is Plato's idea, the commonness of material, and Dao is the law, the commonness of events and relations.[2] Compared with formal logic, dialectical logic is closer to Dao. In the subjective world there are Xin, Xing, Qing, Yi and thought products. Xin is thought, Xing is nature, interests and needs, Qing is mood, emotion and vision, Yi is manner, will and decision. Formal logic is not law, it is rules, and a rule is a decision.