Notes on Philosophy.

It was a very important philosophical discovery that Hegel found the distinction between concrete identity and abstract identity. Hegel’s mistake was to forget that abstract identity is not a metaphysical claim, but a principle of reasoning in most natural scientific theories, it belongs to formal logic. Hegel’s denial of abstract identity is to fight against all scientific theories. You can not say that all scientific theories are ridiculous. Formal logic is a distortion of the objective world, is the colored glasses of human beings. But scientific research can not do without this colored glasses, so we must accept both formal logic and dialectical logic. However, formal logic and dialectical logic are contradictory. How to unify them? The formal logic must be regarded as the logic of the objective world 2 and subjective world, the dialectical logic must be regarded as the logic of the objective world 1, so that the two can be unified.

Human knowledge is limited. We need to use limited knowledge to understand the infinite world and the infinite development of the world. How to do? The solution is to rely on the transcendence of consciousness, that is to obtain universal laws by abstract method. We can assume universal laws universally applicable, and we can strategize at home and win from thousands of miles away. There are many abstract theories in every science. When philosophers attempt to use one theory to solve all problems and find the root cause of all problems, abstraction is needed even more.

Einstein said, the most incredible thing in the world is that the world is conceivable. Althought our subjective world can transcend the objective world, but the transcendence is subjective, flawed or wrong.

There are three major puzzles in philosophy: system puzzle, method puzzle and object puzzle. The system puzzle means that theories have beginning and end, how can we explain the infinite world and the infinite development of the world with a finite theory. The method puzzle means that the basic method of cognition is induction, but it can not reach complete induction, so it can not achieve necessity, and it must take a part for the whole. The object puzzle means that the object of knowledge should be the whole, but should it include the subject himself? To include himself is to repeat, not to include himself is not comprehensive.