The Essence of Knowledge is Simulation and Logical Construct
来源:Lecture Notes in Arts, Literature and Linguistics. Volume:18. February 21-23,2022, pp.169-178. | 作者:Yong Duan | 发布时间: 2021-12-29 | 14827 次浏览 | 分享到:
It is an important basis of ontology to explain clearly what the subjective world contains. Frege and other Western philosophers were seriously wrong about concepts and the foundations of mathematics. The simulation is to mimic something with a fake product. People's knowledge about the world is also a kind of simulation. The content of knowledge is fake product relative to the object. The difference between people's knowledge and the object that is simulated can be made on purpose. The altered knowledge doesn't necessarily have real object corresponding to it. These thought games can bring about more value of knowledge and benefit in practice. The civilization and culture of human being mainly come from the innovative thought games. The logical construct of sentences describing something is a simulation of the thing or thought game. A symbol is a substance used to create an association in mind. Logical constructs have three advantages compared with real things: simple, useful, and stable. The concept is the logical construct produced after abstraction of things. Different degrees of abstraction can produce different degrees of concept. Abstract concepts of most disciplines retain more attributes, so they are not easy to analyze and study. The concepts of numbers and points, lines, planes and bodies are the results that retain few attributes after abstraction, which are simpler than concepts of other disciplines and easier to analyze and study.
Key Words: Epistemology; Logical construct; Concept; Simulation; Maths; Geometry

Plato's Idealism has been heavily criticized. It is now accepted that ideas do not exist in the objective world, it is just like the God doesn't exist in the objective world, but concepts do exist. The so called "do exist" is existence as logical constructs in the subjective world. The fact that concepts and ideas do not exist in the objective world does not mean that concepts are not important. On the contrary, concepts are very important and are the basis of all science and philosophy. The richness and development of concepts often represent the level of development of science and philosophy. Since idea is the same as concept in the subjective world, Plato's Objective Idealism is of great value to the development of philosophy.

Frege's concept is just Plato's idea. “And we are driven to the conclusion that number is neither spatial and physical, like Mill's piles of pebbles and gingersnaps, nor yet subjective like ideas, but non-sensible and objective." Frege said. "Now objectivity cannot, of course, be based on any sense-impression, which as an affection of our mind is entirely subjective, but only, so far as I can see, on the reason. "[6]

Frege argued that concepts had nothing to do with psychology. He said, "We suppose, it would seem, that concepts sprout in the individual mind like leaves on a tree, and we think to discover their nature by studying their birth: we seek to define them psychologically, in terms of the nature of the human mind. But this account makes everything subjective, and if we follow it through to the end, does away with truth."[7] Frege's bias was completely wrong, his error was the same as Plato's essentially.

The purpose of abstraction is to simplify. Concrete things are complex and difficult to deal with logically. After simplification they are easy to deal with logically, and easy to be used. Only after they can be dealt logically, can we play complex thought games. Every discipline is based on abstract concepts. But the concepts of most disciplines retain more attributes after abstraction, so they are not easy to analyze and study, while numbers, dot, line, plane and body are the results that retain few attributes after abstraction. They are simpler than concepts of other disciplines and easier to analyze and study. Therefore, rich and colorful thought games were played even in ancient times.

. Maths and Geometry

1. Numbers are Abstract Logical Constructs

What is a chicken plus a dog? Is it equal to two chickens or two dogs? Obviously neither. But we can say that 1 plus 1 is 2. Because we have abstracted them before we do this operation. What do we mean by 1? It is a logical construct created by abstracting things such as a chicken, a dog, a person, and an earth. When I need to add a chicken and a dog, I have to first abstract away their personalities and retain their commonness, such as they are both small animals, so that I can add them.

"Never let us take a description of the origin of an idea for a definition."Frege said, "